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Better Exercising
Diabetes and Exercise
There are two main types of diabetes, type I and type
II. Type I diabetes is characterized by the pancreas
making too little or no insulin. An individual with
diabetes type I will have to inject insulin throughout
the day in order to control glucose levels. Type II
diabetes, also known as adult onset diabetes, is
characterized by the pancreas not producing enough
insulin to control glucose levels or the cells not
responding to insulin. When a cell does not respond to
insulin, it is known as insulin resistance. When a
subject is diagnosed with type II diabetes, exercise and
weight control are prescribed as measures to help with
insulin resistance. If this does not control glucose
levels, then medication is prescribed. The risk factors
for type II diabetes include: inactivity, high
cholesterol, obesity, and hypertension. Inactivity alone
is a very strong risk factor that has been proven to
lead to diabetes type II. Exercise will have a positive
effect on diabetes type II while improving insulin
sensitivity while type I cannot be controlled be an
exercise program. Over 90% of individuals with diabetes
have type II.
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Exercise causes the body to process glucose faster,
which lowers blood sugar. The more intense the exercise,
the faster the body will utilize glucose. Therefore it
is important to understand the differences in training
with type I and type II diabetes. It is important for an
individual who has diabetes to check with a physician
before beginning an exercise program. When training with
a diabetic, it is important to understand the dangers of
injecting insulin immediately prior to exercise. An
individual with type I diabetes injecting their normal
amount of insulin for a sedentary situation can pose the
risk of hypoglycemia or insulin shock during exercise.
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General exercise guidelines for type I are as follows:
allow adequate rest during exercise sessions to prevent
high blood pressure, use low impact exercises and avoid
heavy weight lifting, and always have a supply of
carbohydrates nearby. If blood sugar levels get too low,
the individual may feel shaky, disoriented, hungry,
anxious, become irritable or experience trembling.
Consuming a carbohydrate snack or beverage will
alleviate these symptoms in a matter of minutes.
Before engaging in exercise, it is important for blood
sugar levels to be tested to make sure that they are not
below 80 to 100 mg/dl range and not above 250 mg/dl.
Glucose levels should also be tested before, during,
after and three to five hours after exercise. During
this recovery period (3-5 hours after exercise), it is
important for diabetics to consume ample carbohydrates
in order to prevent hypoglycemia.
Exercise will greatly benefit an individual with type II
diabetes because of its positive effects on insulin
sensitivity. Proper exercise and nutrition are the best
forms of prevention for type II diabetics. It is
important for training protocols to be repeated almost
daily to help with sustaining insulin sensitivity. To
prevent hypoglycemia, progressively work up to strenuous
activity.
As with individuals with type I diabetes, carbohydrates
should also be present during training to assist in
raising blood sugar levels if the individual becomes
low.
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